Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 KnowledgeWorks
1.1.1 Background
1.1.2 Technical Overview
1.2 Notation and conventions
1.2.1 Prolog syntax
1.2.2 Viewing example files
1.2.3 Appearance of the graphical tools
2 Tutorial
2.1 Getting Started
2.2 Loading the Tutorial
2.3 Running the Tutorial
2.4 Browsers
2.4.1 Rule Browser
2.4.2 Objects Browser
2.4.3 Class Browser
2.4.4 Forward Chaining History
2.5 KnowledgeWorks Listener
2.6 Debugging
2.6.1 Monitoring Forward Chaining Rules
2.6.2 Single-Stepping Rules
2.6.3 Editing Rule Definitions
2.7 Lisp Integration
2.7.1 The LispWorks IDE
2.8 Systems
2.9 Exiting KnowledgeWorks
3 Rules
3.1 Forward chaining
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 Forward Chaining Syntax
3.1.2.1 Example
3.1.3 Defining Forward Chaining Rules
3.1.3.1 Example
3.1.4 The Forward Chaining Interpreter
3.1.5 Control Flow
3.1.5.1 The Agenda
3.1.5.2 Contexts
3.1.5.3 Conflict Resolution
3.1.6 Examples
3.1.6.1 Defining Contexts
3.1.7 Forward Chaining Debugging
3.2 Backward Chaining
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Backward Chaining Syntax
3.2.2.1 Example
3.2.3 Objects
3.2.4 Defining Backward Chaining Rules
3.2.5 The Backward Chaining Interpreter
3.2.5.1 Examples
3.2.6 Edinburgh Prolog Translator
3.2.7 Backward Chaining Debugging
3.3 Common Lisp Interface
4 Objects
4.1 CLOS objects
4.1.1 Unnamed Classes
4.1.2 Named Classes
4.1.2.1 Examples
4.2 Relational Database Objects
4.2.1 Example
4.2.2 Extended Example
4.3 KnowledgeWorks Structures
5 The Programming Environment
5.1 The KnowledgeWorks Listener
5.2 The Editor
5.3 Clearing KnowledgeWorks
5.4 The System Browser
5.5 The Class Browser
5.6 The Objects Browser
5.7 The Rule Browser
5.8 Debugging with the Environment
5.8.1 Spy Windows
5.9 Monitor Windows
5.9.1 Forward Chaining History
6 Advanced Topics
6.1 Control Flow
6.1.1 Meta Rule Protocol
6.1.1.1 Functions defined on Instantiations
6.1.1.2 A Simple Example
6.1.1.3 A Simple Explanation Facility
6.1.1.4 Reasoning with Certainty Factors
6.1.2 User-definable Conflict Resolution
6.1.2.1 Examples
6.2 Optimization
6.2.1 Forward Chaining
6.2.1.1 KnowledgeWorks Structures
6.2.1.2 Efficient Forward Chaining Rule Preconditions
6.2.2 Conflict Resolution
6.2.2.1 Use of Contexts
6.2.2.2 Optimization of the Strategy
6.2.3 Backward Chaining
6.2.3.1 Pattern Matching
6.2.3.2 Tail Recursion
6.2.3.3 Cut
6.3 Use of Meta-Classes
6.3.1 Example
6.4 Logical Dependencies and Truth Maintenance
6.4.1 Example
6.5 Inferencing States
6.5.1 Creating and Maintaining Inferencing States
6.5.2 The Current Inferencing State
6.5.3 Uses of Inferencing States
6.5.3.1 Multiple threads
6.5.3.2 Interleaved in a Single Thread
7 Reference Guide
all-debug
any
assert
clear-all
clear-rules
conflict-set
context
current-cycle
cut
*cycle*
def-kb-class
def-kb-struct
def-named-kb-class
defcontext
defrule
deftactic
destroy-inferencing-state
erase
fail
find-inferencing-state
findall
fire-rule
get-kb-object
*in-interpreter*
infer
*inferencing-state*
inferencing-state-name
inst-bindings
inst-rulename
inst-token
instantiation
list-all-inferencing-states
kb-name
kw-class
-lex
lex
make-inferencing-state
make-instance
-mea
mea
named-kb-object
no-debug
not
-order
order
*print-verbose*
-priority
priority
-recency
recency
reset
return
*signal-kb-name-clash*
-specificity
specificity
standard-context
standard-kb-object
start-cycle
start-kw
test
undefcontext
undefrule
with-rule-actions
Appendix A Common Prolog
A.1 Introduction
A.1.1 Overview
A.1.1.1 Starting Common Prolog
A.2 Syntax
A.3 Defining Relations
A.4 Using The Logic Interpreter
A.4.1 Multiple Solutions
A.4.2 Multiple Goals
A.4.3 Definitions
A.4.4 Exiting the Interpreter
A.5 Accessing Lisp From Common Prolog
A.5.1 Examples
A.6 Calling Prolog From Lisp
A.6.1 Examples
A.6.2 Interface Functions
A.6.2.1 any, findall and findallset
A.6.2.2 deflogfun
A.6.2.3 with-prolog
A.7 Debugging
A.7.1 Tracing
A.7.1.1 Tracing rules
A.7.2 Spy Points
A.7.3 Leashing
A.7.4 Interactive Debugging
A.8 Common Prolog Macros
A.8.1 Example
A.9 Defining Definite Clause Grammars
A.9.1 Examples
A.9.1.1 Example 1: A simple definition.
A.9.1.2 Example 2: Using extra arguments.
A.10 Edinburgh Syntax
A.11 Graphic Development Environment
A.12 Built-in Predicates
A.13 Adding Built-in Predicates
A.13.1 The defdetpred form
A.13.2 The defdetunipred form
A.14 Edinburgh Compatibility Predicates
Appendix B Examples
B.1 The Tutorial
B.2 Explanation Facility
B.3 Uncertain Reasoning Facility
B.4 Other Examples
Appendix C Implementation Notes
C.1 Forward Chainer
C.1.1 Forward Chaining Algorithm
C.1.2 CLOS and the Forward Chainer
C.1.3 Forward Chaining and the Backward Chainer
C.2 Backward Chainer
C.2.1 Backward Chaining Algorithm
C.2.2 Term Structure
C.2.3 The Binding Trail
Appendix D For More Information
D.1 General References
D.1.1 Forward Chaining
D.1.2 Backward Chaining and Prolog
D.1.3 Uncertain Reasoning
D.1.4 Expert Systems
D.1.5 Lisp and CLOS
D.2 The LispWorks manuals
Appendix E Converting Other Systems
E.1 OPS5
E.2 Prolog
Glossary
Index
KnowledgeWorks and Prolog User Guide (Macintosh version) - 26 Feb 2015
